Hive is the house of honey bee, constructed by the worker bees with the help of wax, resin and gum. Wax is secreted from the wax gland present in the abdomen of the worker bees. Resin and gums are collected from different trees by the worker bees. The hive of honey bee compose of a …
Antibodies are circulating multifunctional soluble glycoprotein which are produced by the plasma cells mainly the plasma B-cells in response to an antigen. These proteins are known as globulin for their globular structure. These are also known as immunoglobulin and play the key role in our immune system. It performs various function but the main function …
Ribosomes are minute spherical membrane less cytoplasmic organelles present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells consisting of RNA and some special proteins and perform the key role in protein synthesis. Ribosomes are usually designated according to their rate of sedimentation. Structure and function of ribosomes is described bellow. Ribosomes contain 80-85% of the cell’s ribonucleic …
Antigen presenting cell (APC) is specialized cell of our immune system that can recognize the foreign antigen or pathogenic substances and engulf them by endocytosis and break them down into small peptides and after this whole process they present these peptides (or the parts of the antigen) to other immune cells (mainly the T-lymphocytes) and …
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction result from inappropriate T-cell activation. It takes at least 3 days to develop its action for this reason it is also called delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). It is the only hypersensitivity category, that is purely cell mediated rather than antibody mediated. Mentioned disorders: Contact dermatitis, Chronic transplant rejection, Multiple sclerosis, Granuloma …
Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction and it’s mechanism Read More »
In type III hypersensitivity reaction, antigen-antibody complex deposited on host cells induces complement fixation and enhance inflammatory reaction. It is mainly mediated by Ig-G antibodies complement protein and neutrophils. The reaction of antibodies with the soluble antigens, generates immune complexes. Generally, these reactions facilitate the clearance of antigens by phagocytes But some times the presence …
Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction and it’s Mechanism Read More »
Type II hypersensitivity reactions is also an autoimmune disease involve antibody-mediated destruction of cells by immunoglobulins of heavy chain classes other than Ig-E. The reaction occurred by binding of Ig-G or Ig-M antibodies to the antigen expressed on the surface of the host cells, which are then destroyed by complement or cell-mediated mechanism. It is …
Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate anaphylactic reaction associated with allergy. These reactions are mediate by Ig-E antibodies and includes many of the most common allergies to respiratory allergens, such as pollen, dust mites etc. The mast cells and basophil, also participate in this reaction. Type I Hypersensitivity is also known as immediate or allergic …
The same immune reaction which protects us from infection can also inflict a great damage not only to the pathogen but also our own body cells and tissues. The immune response uses multiple strategies to reduces the damage. If there is any break down of checks and balances of immune response then it is leading …
Both B-cell and T-cell use surface molecules to recognize antigen, they fulfill this in very different ways. B-cell receptor or antibodies can recognize an antigen alone but T-cell receptor only can recognize pieces of antigen, bound with the surface molecule of other cells. These antigen pieces are attached with the binding groove of a cell …